Renewable energy sources are gaining increasing importance in the global pursuit of sustainable development. Among these, biodiesel stands out as a promising alternative to conventional fossil fuels. Biodiesel is typically produced from vegetable oils through a process known as transesterification, which yields fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). Thes

Polymer nanocomposites are a compelling field of research in materials science. These innovative substances consist of polymeric foundations reinforced with minute particles typically ranging from 1 to 100 nanometers in size. The incorporation of these nanoparticles remarkably enhances the mechanical, thermal, and optical properties of the final po